
Simply defined, it's the ability to sustain your equilibrium (not fall over) when you're either stationary or moving.
To maintain balance, you depend on three types of sensory information. The position of your head is perceived by an apparatus in your inner ear. The position of your body is perceived by the visual input of your eyes, which tells you about your environment, and the sensors in your skin, muscles, joints and tendons, which "sense" the position of all of your body's parts in space (proprioception). When you close your eyes and lift your arm, and you know which way your hand is turned, that's proprioception; it's that internal sense of where you are in space.
Let's say you decide to hike the beautiful hills around Santa Barbara. In the beginning you'd spend a lot of time watching the foot path, just to keep from falling. But after awhile, the trail would require very little of your attention because you'd learn to adjust to the terrain by the "feel" of your feet, thereby increasing your balance through proprioception.
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